Quick answer
hablado · comido · escrito
-ado for -ar verbs, -ido for -er and -ir verbs. A short list of irregulars covers the rest.
The two regular endings
| Infinitive | Participle |
|---|---|
| hablar | hablado |
| trabajar | trabajado |
| comer | comido |
| beber | bebido |
| vivir | vivido |
| salir | salido |
After a vowel the -ído of -er and -ir verbs takes a written accent: leer → leído, oír → oído, traer → traído.
The irregular participles
This is the whole list you need. Learn it once and every compound tense is covered.
| Infinitive | Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| abrir | abierto | opened |
| decir | dicho | said |
| escribir | escrito | written |
| hacer | hecho | done, made |
| morir | muerto | died, dead |
| poner | puesto | put |
| romper | roto | broken |
| ver | visto | seen |
| volver | vuelto | returned |
| cubrir | cubierto | covered |
| resolver | resuelto | solved |
| imprimir | impreso | printed |
Compounds of these verbs follow their base: describir → descrito, devolver → devuelto, deshacer → deshecho, componer → compuesto.
With haber it is frozen, as an adjective it agrees
After haber the participle never changes. Used with ser, estar or a noun it behaves like a normal adjective.
Memory trick
After haber the participle is a fixed block ending in -o. Anywhere else it is an adjective and must agree.
Typical mistakes
He escribido tres correos.
He escrito tres correos.
Escribir has an irregular participle, escrito. The regular ending does not exist here.
Hemos hechas las camas.
Hemos hecho las camas.
After haber the participle never agrees with the object.
La puerta está abrido.
La puerta está abierta.
With estar the participle is an adjective, so it takes the feminine singular form.
Check yourself
Todavía no he ___ la película. (ver)